Both of these factors play key roles in integrating farmworkers, both socially and economically, into community life. The researchers found that farmworkers with family present are twice as likely to understand, speak and write English, and they are generally more educated when compared with their counterparts without family nearby. This shift has led to a substantial increase in the number of farmworkers with families in the state. The report points out that migrant farmwork dropped from 85 to 40 percent in the 1990s and was replaced by more permanent or seasonal farmwork. Such training is also likely to benefit communities where farmworkers settle and become self-reliant, productive and satisfied residents." To encourage the future success of the new immigrants, and as part of a community-development strategy, the report concludes: "English language training should be a priority aimed at improving the lives of farmworkers. is through agriculture, but the true test for how they fare is what will happen to them after they settle outside the migrant labor stream and into more permanent farm and non-farm jobs," he said. "For most Mexican immigrants in rural New York, their first foothold in the U.S. Parra, a research associate in the CALS Division of Nutritional Sciences. "The new host communities need to address the potential of the Mexican immigrants hitting an economic plateau," said Max Pfeffer, professor of development sociology in Cornell's College of Agriculture and Life Sciences (CALS) who co-authored the report, "Immigrants and the Community: Farmworkers with Families," with Pilar A. In the recently published report, two Cornell University researchers observe that while this newly forming population is a potential boon to areas struggling with economic downturn, their ability to integrate into their new communities is key to their long-term success. A study of five agricultural communities in New York state finds that Mexican immigrants comprise 95 percent of the fruits-and-vegetables agricultural workforce and that workers increasingly are choosing to settle with their families in these rural communities. X-ray: NASA/CXC/SAO Optical: NASA/STScI Infrared:Įnergy (Infrared = red Optical = yellow X-ray = blue & green)ĭ. Blue Chandra data were acquired using broadband X-rays (low through high energies) green Chandra data correspond only to intermediate energy X-rays yellow Hubble data were taken using a 900 nanometer-wavelength filter, and red Spitzer data are from the telescope's 24-micron detector. The turquoise dot at the center of the shell may be a neutron star created during the supernova. It should also help to determine whether most of the dust in the supernova remnant came from the massive star before it exploded, or from the rapidly expanding supernova ejecta. This hot gas was created when ejected material from the supernova smashed into surrounding gas and dust at speeds of about ten million miles per hour.Ī comparison of the infrared and X-ray images of Cas A should enable astronomers to better understand how relatively cool dust grains can coexist in the superhot gas that produces the X-rays. Chandra shows hot gases at about 10 million degrees Celsius. Spitzer reveals warm dust in the outer shell with temperatures of about 26 degrees Celsius (80 degrees Fahrenheit), and Hubble sees the delicate filamentary structures of warmer gases about 10,000 degrees Celsius. Each Great Observatory image highlights different characteristics of the remnant. Infrared data from the Spitzer Space Telescope are colored red optical data from the Hubble Space Telescope are yellow and X-ray data from the Chandra X-ray Observatory are green and blue.Ĭas A is the 300-year-old remnant created by the supernova explosion of a massive star. This stunning picture of the supernova remnant Cassiopeia A (Cas A) is a composite of images taken by three of NASA's Great Observatories. Credit: X-ray: NASA/CXC/SAO Optical: NASA/STScI Infrared:
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